Galungan – Balinese Hinduism’s holy festival of triumph and devotion
Galungan, a major Hindu festival celebrated in Bali, Indonesia, holds deep theological and spiritual significance for the Balinese community. Rooted in the Balinese Hindu belief system, Galungan commemorates the triumph of Dharma (righteousness) over Adharma (unrighteousness) and serves as an occasion for devotees to express their deep devotion and gratitude to the Divine. The festival is a vibrant and joyous manifestation of Balinese culture, combining spirituality, art and ritual practice.
Let’s explore the theological significance and unique customs associated with the sacred celebration of Galungan.
The theological significance of the Galungan:
In Balinese Hinduism, each “wuku” or week in the Balinese calendar is associated with a Hindu deity, as mentioned in the sacred texts “Primbon and Almanak”. The celebration of Galungan is deeply rooted in this belief, with each wuku representing a specific deity. During the festival, worshippers pay homage to these deities to ask for their blessings and protection.
The Galungan festival also commemorates the epic battle between Si Mayadenawa and the mighty Bhatara Siwa (Bhatara Indra), symbolising the eternal victory of truth over falsehood. Si Mayadenawa’s arrogance and disregard for religious principles led to chaos and fear in Bali. The festival serves as a reminder that righteousness will always prevail over evil.
Galungan and Worship of Bhatara Siwa:
The central theme of Galungan revolves around devotion to Bhatara Siwa, the deity associated with Mount Agung and believed to be the abode of the Supreme God/Ide Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa in Balinese Hinduism. On this auspicious occasion, devotees express their reverence by offering prayers, performing rituals and decorating their homes with penjors.
The penjor – a symbol of gratitude and blessings:
One of the most visually appealing aspects of Galungan is the penjor, an intricately decorated bamboo pole that adorns the entrances of homes and temples. The penjor symbolises gratitude to the divine for bestowing blessings and prosperity on the community. It represents the dragon-like creatures, Naga Ananta Bhoga and Naga Basuki, the powerful energies of Bhatara Siwa, responsible for maintaining harmony on earth and in the heavens.
Customs and practices during Galungan:
Galungan is marked by various customs and practices that reflect the piety and cultural richness of Balinese Hinduism. Devotees offer ‘caru’, a ritual of sliced rice and taro, as a token of gratitude. Tumpeng and pork dishes are avoided as offerings during Galungan, in accordance with the requirements of Bhatari Dalem or Dewi Durgha.
The festival lasts for several days, culminating in Kuningan, another important day when prayers and offerings are made to Bhatara Indra. It is believed that during Kuningan the spirits of the ancestors visit the earth and devotees pay homage to their departed loved ones.
Conclusion:
Galungan is a testament to the deep-rooted spirituality and cultural heritage of Balinese Hinduism. This joyous festival serves as a source of inspiration and reflection for devotees, reminding them of the eternal victory of righteousness and the importance of unwavering devotion to the Divine.
As Galungan continues to be celebrated with fervor and devotion, it reflects the deep connection between the Balinese people and their rich spiritual traditions. The festival’s theological significance and vibrant customs make it an extraordinary celebration that spreads spiritual uplift and unity among the Balinese community. By preserving and cherishing this sacred tradition, the people of Bali keep their spiritual roots alive and pass on the essence of devotion and triumph to future generations.
